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高中英語語法大全精選(九篇)

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高中英語語法大全

第1篇:高中英語語法大全范文

關(guān)鍵詞:一詞多義;一詞多用;as的用法;歸類;例句;例題

中圖分類號:G623.31

高中英語中,牢固掌握as的用法十分重要。為了更好地認(rèn)知、理解和運(yùn)用as,現(xiàn)就as的用法做一總結(jié)歸納,愿與共同商榷、改進(jìn)。

1. as做介詞

(1).好像(某人): He dressed as a policeman.

(2).當(dāng)作,作為:①. He treated me as a friend. ②. As a student, you should study hard.

2. as做副詞

as... as... 結(jié)構(gòu):用于副詞和形容詞之前,以構(gòu)成比較句型:He is as tall as his father.

注意:省略了的as:

以下舉例說明:

The pianos in the other shop will be _____, but _____.

A.cheaper; not as better B. more cheaper; not as better

C.cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good

本題考查形容詞的比較級用法。as+原級+as... 否定為:not as/so+原級+as... 根據(jù)上下文可采用省略形式,即可省略第二個(gè)as。該題題意是"另一家商店的鋼琴會(huì)便宜些,但不如這家商店的好。"可知but 后應(yīng)為否定的原級比較"not as good as those in this shop"。又因cheap的比較級形式是cheaper,不是more cheap, 故答案為C。

3. as做連詞

(1).在...期間,當(dāng)...的時(shí)候:?! watched her as she combed her hair.

(2).由于,因?yàn)?。引?dǎo)原因狀語從句:。 As you weren't there, I left a message.

(3).引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句?。?although),從句倒裝。

①.Child as he is, he knows a lot. (=Although he is a child, ...)

②.Young as he is, he knows a lot.

③.Try as he may, I don't think he can succeed.

④.Much as I like the car, I can't afford it.

(4).如同,按照。引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句。

①. When in Rome, do as Romans do.

②. Why didn't you catch the last bus as I told you to?

(5).引導(dǎo)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)句式,意為"......也一樣"。

Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life.

所以上句可理解為:

Our eating habits have changed, and our way of life has changed, too.

再舉兩例:

She is tall, as are both her parents.

He is a doctor, as ____ his wife before she had children.

A. was B. is C. did D. does 答案:A

4. as作關(guān)系代詞

關(guān)系代詞是用來引起定語從句的。它一面代表定語從句所修飾的那個(gè)名詞(或代詞),一面又在從句中擔(dān)任一個(gè)成分,如主語,賓語,表語或定語。常見的關(guān)系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which.但在高中英語中,我們要特別注意:as也可以用作關(guān)系代詞。

關(guān)系代詞as:

(1).引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句,常和 the same, such, so, as 等連用:

①.Such books as you bought are very useful.

②.I have the same trouble as you?。╤ave)

③.It's as pleasant a film as I have ever seen.

④.She is so clever a girl as we all like.

注意:the same 后的關(guān)系詞還可為that, 試比較:

①This is the same book as you bought.(同一類)

②This is the same book that you bought.(同一個(gè))

(2).as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句和which 的區(qū)別:

位置:as引導(dǎo)的從句可以放在句前,句中或句尾, 而which引導(dǎo)的從句通常放句尾.

指代:as指代主句內(nèi)容,而which可指代主句也可指代先行詞.

語義:as可譯為"正如,正像",而which無語義。

①.As we all know, china is a country with a long history.

②.He opposed the idea, as could be expected.

③.Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.

④.He gave me a book, which is about American history.

⑤.We have to go to school on Sundays, which we don't like.

破解:as與that:

現(xiàn)就針對一道選擇題來體現(xiàn)和對比as的關(guān)系代詞用法。

There was so big a stone______nobody could lift.

A.that B.which C.as D.so that

[解析]此題中,由題干中的so和四個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以看出,應(yīng)用有關(guān)so...that.../so...as...(as作定從的結(jié)構(gòu))。而不簡單是一個(gè)定語從句。所以B項(xiàng)排除,而D項(xiàng)so that表示①為的是,以便。②結(jié)果,因此。是一個(gè)連詞。從句法和題意上都不符,所以排除。

要在A、C兩項(xiàng)做出選擇,就要分析一下so...that...結(jié)構(gòu)和so...as...結(jié)構(gòu)中that和as用法的區(qū)別。

在so+adj+an/a+n.+that...(如此 ... 以致于)。such an/a+adj+n.+that... 中 that是一個(gè)連詞,在從句中不作任何成分。

eg.She told us so interesting an story that we all forgot about the time.

由此可見:此題如果要選用so...that... 結(jié)構(gòu),題干中應(yīng)加 "it",因?yàn)閘ift缺賓語:

There was so big a stone that nobody could lift it.

而在so+adj+an/a+n.as...結(jié)構(gòu)中,as則是前面所提到的關(guān)系代詞用法,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句,指代stone, 在從句中作lift的賓語。所以此題選C。

俗話說熟能生巧。只要我們及時(shí)總結(jié),細(xì)心琢磨,潛心研究,一定會(huì)嫻熟掌握as的各種用法。

參考文獻(xiàn):

1.人教版高中英語教材

2.河北人民出版社《高中英語同步訓(xùn)練》

3.牛津高階英漢雙解詞典

第2篇:高中英語語法大全范文

[關(guān)鍵詞] 非謂語動(dòng)詞;屬性;功能;時(shí)態(tài);語態(tài);特性

英語非謂語動(dòng)詞是貫穿整個(gè)中學(xué)階段的必修英語知識要點(diǎn):教育部制定的最新《義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)》在“語言知識分級目標(biāo)”中將“非謂語動(dòng)詞”的部分內(nèi)容列為初中階段必修的英語“語言知識”,而與初中英語課程相銜接的《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))》則將“非謂語動(dòng)詞”的全部內(nèi)容都增列為高中英語必修的“語言知識”要點(diǎn),并在附錄部分的“語法項(xiàng)目表”中以顯著位置分項(xiàng)標(biāo)注。因此,非謂語動(dòng)詞是整個(gè)基礎(chǔ)教育階段中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的必修重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是該階段各級各類英語測試關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)和重復(fù)的考點(diǎn)。非謂語動(dòng)詞是處于英語詞法中心地位的動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,是英語動(dòng)詞理解與應(yīng)用的起點(diǎn)、支點(diǎn)和拐點(diǎn)。非謂語動(dòng)詞不僅具有多維的形式功能,是構(gòu)成英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的必要條件,而且具備強(qiáng)大的表意功能,在句中可充當(dāng)多種句子成分,輔助謂語動(dòng)詞共同完成英語語言的句法、語義和交際需要。非謂語動(dòng)詞的核心要點(diǎn)可解析為環(huán)環(huán)相扣、層層遞進(jìn)的五個(gè)邏輯層面,即屬性、功能、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和特性,五位一體,展示出其區(qū)別于外部謂語動(dòng)詞屬性的普遍的共性特征和區(qū)分內(nèi)部彼此細(xì)微功能差異的獨(dú)特的個(gè)性特征(見表1)。

一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的屬性

現(xiàn)代英語語法一般傾向于將動(dòng)詞的形式概括為六種,即動(dòng)詞原形、三單式(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)中主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式)、過去式、不定式(to+動(dòng)詞原形)、動(dòng)詞的-ing形式(包括傳統(tǒng)語法中的動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)和動(dòng)詞的-ed形式(過去分詞)。前三種可以獨(dú)立作謂語,通常稱為“動(dòng)詞的謂語形式”或簡稱為“謂語動(dòng)詞”;后三種不能獨(dú)立作謂語,通常稱作“動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式”或“非謂語動(dòng)詞”。顧名思義,非謂語動(dòng)詞(Non-finite Verbs或Non-predicative Verbs)是一個(gè)與謂語動(dòng)詞(Finite Verbs或Predicative Verbs)相對應(yīng)的語法概念,具有區(qū)別于謂語動(dòng)詞的另類屬性和特征。非謂語動(dòng)詞的內(nèi)在共性特征使其具備豐富的形式輔助功能、多維的句法修飾功能和強(qiáng)大的意念表達(dá)功能,是構(gòu)成英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和語氣的必備要件,是學(xué)習(xí)、理解、掌握和應(yīng)用英語動(dòng)詞的語法支撐點(diǎn)和難度轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),最終影響和決定英語語言學(xué)習(xí)的精確度和嫻熟度。

二、非謂語動(dòng)詞的功能

英語非謂語動(dòng)詞在整體上具有動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞等多種復(fù)合跨界式詞性特征,可以在句中充當(dāng)除謂語之外的各種句子成分,即主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等。具體情況如下:(1)不定式的基本功能。不定式在句中可以承擔(dān)除謂語外的其他六種句子成分。其中做主語和賓語時(shí),習(xí)慣借用it作形式主語或賓語,將真正的不定式主語或賓語后置。如:It’s not easy for adults to learn a foreign language. / I make it a rule to read English for 30 minutes every morning. 當(dāng)feel, hear, watch, notice, see等感官動(dòng)詞和have, make, let等使役動(dòng)詞后跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)習(xí)慣省略to,但變被動(dòng)語態(tài)后要還原to。如:The program aims to let all the employees understand the culture of the company. / All the employees are let to understand the culture of the company. 作狀語時(shí),主要充當(dāng)目的或結(jié)果狀語,作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)常用于“so/such as to...”,“too...to...”或“be+adj.+enough to...”等固定結(jié)構(gòu)。如:I got up early to catch the first CRH to Shanghai this morning. / You are old enough to support yourself now.(2)動(dòng)詞-ing的基本功能。動(dòng)詞-ing形式在句中也可充當(dāng)除謂語外的其他六種句子成分。其中作賓語時(shí),可充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞賓語、介詞賓語和系表結(jié)構(gòu)賓語。如:I enjoy reading. / This book is well worth reading. /We’re looking forward to seeing you. 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語帶有賓補(bǔ)時(shí),一般用it作形式賓語,將-ing賓語后置。如:We found it no use talking like that. 作狀語時(shí),主要充當(dāng)時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨狀語。如:Seeing him, I can’t help thinking of his father. / Being ill, I didn’t attend the exam yesterday. / The Children went home, singing and dancing.(3)動(dòng)詞-ed的基本功能。動(dòng)詞-ed形式的語法功能相對有限,在句中可充當(dāng)除主、謂、賓之外的其他四種句子成分。其中作表語時(shí)與被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似,如:The bowl is broken. 但表意不同,側(cè)重強(qiáng)調(diào)其邏輯主語所處的狀態(tài),因此作表語的-ed形式在很多詞典中常被列為形容詞。如:crowded, drunk, experienced, frightened, interested, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, surprised, worried等。

三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式有自己的各種時(shí)態(tài),用來明示自身動(dòng)作與句子謂語動(dòng)作之間的先后時(shí)間關(guān)系。不定式的常見時(shí)態(tài)有三種:(1)一般式(to do),其表示的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在謂語動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生。如:The fans watched their idol(to) play basketball the whole afternoon. / I decided to plant a forever-green tree next spring. (2)進(jìn)行式(to be doing),強(qiáng)調(diào)其所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,且與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:She happened to be weeping when I knocked in. (3)完成式(to have done),其所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前。如:I am terribly sorry to have kept you waiting. 動(dòng)詞-ing形式的常用時(shí)態(tài)有兩種:(1)一般式(doing),強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作伴隨謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:They wandered in the rain, enjoying each other for every minute.(2)完成式(having done),所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)作之前,一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語。如:Having lost my key, I rushed to ask for help here and there. 相比而言,動(dòng)詞-ed形式只有一種時(shí)態(tài),在時(shí)間上表示一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

四、非謂語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

動(dòng)詞不定式和-ing形式有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)之分,是其闡釋自身動(dòng)作與邏輯主語內(nèi)在組合關(guān)系的一種語義標(biāo)記。不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)依據(jù)其時(shí)態(tài)主要分為兩種:(1)一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(to be done),表示不定式的邏輯主語是該不定式所傳達(dá)的動(dòng)作的承受者。如:What is to be done next hasn’t been decided yet.(2)完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(to have been done),鑒于其含義和結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性,在現(xiàn)實(shí)交際中使用較少。動(dòng)詞-ing形式的常用時(shí)態(tài)也有兩種:(1)一般式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(being done),表示一個(gè)與句中謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,常用作定語或狀語。如:The car being repaired there is yours.(2)完成式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)(having been done),表示一個(gè)發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)作之前的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作,在句中一般作狀語。如:Having been shown around the factory, we were taken into the exhibition hall. 動(dòng)詞-ed形式本身就表示一個(gè)與邏輯主語之間的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),因此沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

五、非謂語動(dòng)詞的特性

非謂語動(dòng)詞的特性是其彰顯彼此內(nèi)部語法差異和功能差異的獨(dú)有個(gè)性特征,是英語動(dòng)詞教學(xué)、測試和應(yīng)用的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。

1.動(dòng)詞不定式的特性。不定式的主要特性如下:(1)不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):“for/of + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動(dòng)詞不定式”。其中的“for”表“對象”,for之后的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的邏輯主語。如:It is essential for us to make preparations for the opportunity. “of”表“屬性或特征”,of之前的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語的性質(zhì)或特征。如:It is very kind of you to do so.(2)“疑問詞+ 動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):疑問代詞或疑問副詞后可加不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語,整體功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞,在句中可作主語、賓語或表語。如:How to prevent them from swimming in the river is a challenging problem.(3)不定式作賓語時(shí)的特殊搭檔:英語某些動(dòng)詞后必須跟不定式作賓語,此類動(dòng)詞常表各種主觀含義或愿望。如:agree, refuse; ask, want, demand; choose, decide, manage, plan, expect, promise, pretend; hope, wish, would like等。

2.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的特性。動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主要特性如下:(1)動(dòng)詞-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):“形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格+動(dòng)詞-ing”。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格是動(dòng)詞-ing動(dòng)作的邏輯主語。該結(jié)構(gòu)與普通動(dòng)詞-ing功能相當(dāng),在句中常作主語、賓語或表語。如:Your smoking and drinking will do harm to others as well as yourself. 但在口語中,該結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時(shí),其中的物主代詞常改用人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格常用普通格代替。如:She insisted on Peter(Peter’s) going there first.(2)動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語時(shí)的特殊搭檔:allow, advise, forbid, permit; appreciate, consider, delay, enjoy, excuse, imagine, involve, miss (錯(cuò)過), mind, risk, suggest, practice, prevent, postpone, keep, succeed (in) , can’t help (忍不?。┑葎?dòng)詞后必須跟v-ing作賓語。但allow, advise, forbid, permit后若先跟人作賓語,再需接非謂語動(dòng)詞作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),必須用不定式,即“allow, advise, forbid, permit + sb. to do”。此外,在“It’s no use/good/point...”固定結(jié)構(gòu)中也須跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式。如:It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

3.不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing的差異。兩者均可承擔(dān)六種句子成分,但差別如下:(1)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作主語、賓語、表語時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般而言,不定式表示一個(gè)具體的一次性的動(dòng)作,動(dòng)詞-ing表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作。如:She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play it today. 兩者作賓語時(shí)還需注意以下兩種異同:其一,下列動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語,但含義有別:forget, remember, regret(不定式表示的動(dòng)作“尚未發(fā)生”,動(dòng)詞-ing表示的“已發(fā)生或已完成”);go on, stop(不定式表示“去做另一件事”,動(dòng)詞-ing表示“繼續(xù)做同一件事”);try(不定式表“努力去做”,動(dòng)詞-ing表“嘗試著做”);mean(不定式表“計(jì)劃、打算”,動(dòng)詞-ing表“意味著”)。其二,下列動(dòng)詞既可跟不定式又可跟動(dòng)詞-ing作賓語,且含義無甚差別:like, love, hate; start, begin; continue; prefer等,其中prefer主要用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如:prefer (doing) A to (doing) B; prefer to do A rather than do B.(2)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別。不定式作定語時(shí)的動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后,動(dòng)詞-ing的動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如:I have a paper to write. / The man writing a letter there is my instructor.(3)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。不定式作賓補(bǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過程,而動(dòng)詞-ing表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中。如:I hear her(to) sing in the room. / I hear her singing in the room. (4)不定式與動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別。不定式一般作目的或結(jié)果狀語,而動(dòng)詞-ing多用作時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨狀語。如:I probed into the problem to see the truth. / Not receiving his reply, I e-mailed him again.

4.動(dòng)詞-ing與-ed的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。在上述動(dòng)詞-ing和-ed形式的基本用法中,兩者在句中均有與句子主語一致的潛藏的邏輯主語,但有時(shí)它們也能擁有不同于句子主語的獨(dú)立的主語,這種獨(dú)立的主語與動(dòng)詞-ing或-ed一起構(gòu)成“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。如:Weather permitting, we’ll go mountain-climbing tomorrow. / Work finished, he went out for relaxing. 該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般只作狀語,其時(shí)態(tài)要根據(jù)自身所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語動(dòng)作所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系來確定。此時(shí)應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn):第一,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been常被省略。如:The meeting (being) over, all left the room. 第二,作伴隨狀語的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)??捎脀ith或without短語代替。如:With the work done(=Work done), she felt relieved. / He stared at me without a single word spoken. (= He stared at me, no word spoken.) 此外,There be句型也可使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如:There being no taxi at night, we had to walk to the hotel.

5.動(dòng)詞-ing與-ed形式的差異。兩者的具體差異主要體現(xiàn)在以下三方面:(1)邏輯語義不同。動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念(與句子邏輯主語之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系),而及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式表被動(dòng)概念。如:Seeing his mother, the baby began to cry. / Seen from the sky, the city looks like a playground. (2)時(shí)間向度不同。動(dòng)詞-ing形式所表示的是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作,而動(dòng)詞-ed形式所表示的往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。如:China is the biggest developing country in the world while America is the biggest developed country in the world. (3)作形容詞時(shí)含義不同。動(dòng)詞-ing形式表“事物的客觀特征”,而動(dòng)詞-ed形式表“人的主觀感受”。如:I’m surprised by his surprising look. / I’m interested in this interesting movie. 綜上所述,動(dòng)詞-ing與-ed形式在用法上形成互補(bǔ)的對比關(guān)系:動(dòng)詞-ing形式表主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行或事物的客觀特征,而動(dòng)詞-ed表被動(dòng)、完成或人的主觀感受。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]David Nunan. Practical English Language Teaching: Grammar [M]. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press,2013.

[2]教育部.義務(wù)教育英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(2011年版)[S].北京:北京師范大學(xué)出版社,2012.

[3]教育部.普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(實(shí)驗(yàn))[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.

[4]楊修平.基礎(chǔ)英語教學(xué)中的虛擬條件句及其變體[J].教師博覽(科研版),2013,(7):8-10.

[5]卡拉里.柯林斯實(shí)用英語語法(英漢雙語版)[M].朱亞軍,譯.上海:上海譯文出版社,2012.

[6]章振邦,張?jiān)孪?,趙美娟.新編高級英語語法[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,2012.

第3篇:高中英語語法大全范文

【關(guān)鍵詞】 虛擬語氣 條件 方式 讓步 賓語 表語 主語

虛擬語氣歷來是大學(xué)生最感頭痛的一個(gè)問題,在大學(xué)英語考試中出現(xiàn)的頻率極高。因此,大學(xué)生有必要對考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的虛擬語氣有所了解。下面,我們就以歷年考題為例,加以分析、總結(jié)以及歸納,以期能找出虛擬語氣的規(guī)律性,使大學(xué)生對考試中的這一項(xiàng)目心里有數(shù),從而助大學(xué)生生一臂之力。

1. 條件狀語從句中的虛擬語氣:在條件狀語從句中,虛擬語氣使用頻率非常高,可分為以下幾類。

a)表示與現(xiàn)在情況相反的虛擬語氣:這種虛擬語氣表示所說的情況與現(xiàn)在相反,或者可能性很小。其常用結(jié)構(gòu)為:從句中用動(dòng)詞的過去式(be多用were),主句則用would(should,could,might)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:If I knew the meaning of the word, I wouldn’t have to look it up.b)表示與過去情況相反的虛擬語氣:在這種情況下,條件從句用過去完成時(shí)(had + done),主句則用would(should, could, might )+ have +done. 例如:Had it not been for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand.c)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句:在這類句子中,虛擬條件句和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致,這時(shí)主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)各自所指的時(shí)間選用適當(dāng)?shù)男问?。這屬于比較難一點(diǎn)的虛擬語氣。例如:If I hadn’t stood on the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.d)省略 if 而采用倒裝語序的條件句:這種虛擬條件句主要有兩種形式:一是把條件從句中的were, had,should等置于句首,引出從句而省略if;一是用were it not for +賓語、Had it been not for +賓語、 but that +從句這幾個(gè)不用 if 的條件從句,其意義是“要不是,若沒有”。例如:Were they to arrive before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.e)含蓄條件句:有的時(shí)候,假設(shè)情況并不是通過條件從句來表示,還可以用介詞短語、上下文或其他方式來表示,其謂語動(dòng)詞也常常需要用虛擬語氣。例如: He must have had an accident, or he would have been here then.f)省略結(jié)果的條件句:非真實(shí)條件句有時(shí)會(huì)省略掉結(jié)果主句,這時(shí)多表示一種不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,這時(shí)常用 If only 來引導(dǎo),意思是“要是……該多好呀”。例如:If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as possible.

2. 方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣:由as if 或as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語,用過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反或?qū)ΜF(xiàn)在情況有所懷疑;有時(shí),句中也用過去完成時(shí)表示過去想象中的動(dòng)作情況。例如:He looked as if he hadn’t had a meal for a year.

3. 讓步狀語從句中的虛擬語氣:一般來說,讓步狀語從句多由Whatever, whenever, wherever, no matter what/when/where/how,whether…or…引導(dǎo),從句中用動(dòng)詞原形表示虛擬語氣,而主句中則用陳述語序。例如:Whether she be right or wrong , she will have my unswerving support.

4. 賓語從句中的虛擬語氣:賓語從句中的虛擬語氣的用法主要包括以下三個(gè)方面:

a)在表示愿望的動(dòng)詞wish之后的賓語從句中,需用虛擬語氣。賓語從句中用過去時(shí)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反;用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去的事實(shí)相反。例如:I wish I could have slept longer this morning , but I had to get up and came to class. b)在具有愿望、請求、建議、命令等主觀意愿的動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,需要用虛擬語氣,形式為 should +動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:My father didn’t go to New York; the doctor suggested that he not go there. c)would rather, would sooner用來表達(dá)主觀意愿時(shí),它們之后的賓語從句也需要用虛擬語氣,謂語動(dòng)詞常用過去時(shí)。 例如:I’d rather you didn’t take these important documents with you .

5. 主語從句中的虛擬語氣:a)在某些表示愿望、請求、建議、命令等形容詞之后的主語,需要使用虛擬語氣,其結(jié)構(gòu)是should + 動(dòng)詞原形或者只用動(dòng)詞原形。這時(shí),我們一般用it來作形式主語從句,而把真正的主語從句放到句尾去,因?yàn)檫@樣做,可以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如:I don’t think it advisable that Tim be assigned to the job since he has no experience.b)在It is desired (suggested, proposed, ordered, demanded, recommended, required, requested, insisted, … ) 之后的主語從句中,也常用虛擬語氣,謂語用should + 動(dòng)詞原形或只用動(dòng)詞原形。另外,這類主句中的過去分詞都是表示主觀意義的。而且,這里我們也多用it作形式主語來代替較長的主語從句。例如:It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios not be played after l l o’clock at night. c)在It is +n.+主語從句這一句型中,主語從句多用虛擬語氣。這種句型中的名詞主要有兩類:一類是表示建議、請求、命令等含有主觀意向的動(dòng)詞的同源名詞。另一類是表示遺憾、驚奇、懷疑等主觀看法的名詞。從句中的動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:It is my proposal that we put on a play at the English evening.

6. 表語從句中的虛擬語氣:當(dāng)表示建議、請求、命令等主觀意向的名詞作主語時(shí),其后的表語從句要用虛擬語氣,其謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形或直接用動(dòng)詞原形。例如:My order is that nobody get here later than eight o’clock tomorrow morning.

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1] 秦秀白,新世紀(jì)大學(xué)英語1-4冊,上海外語教育出版社,2010.

[2] 張振久,英語應(yīng)用語法,北京,北京大學(xué)出版社,2009.

[3] H.D.Brown, Principles of Language Learning and Teaching,外語教學(xué)與研究出版社,2005.

[4] 李陸桂,高中英語語法大全,廣西師范大學(xué)出版社,2002.